Category: Continuous Learning

From time to time, I encounter a silly syntax in Java that I silently dubbed the “spiderman operator” because of all the syntactically pointing that’s going on. My problem is that it’s not very readable, I don’t know an alternative syntax for it and my programming style leads me more often to it than I am willing to ignore.

The spiderman operator looks like this:

x -> () -> x

In its raw form, it means that you have a function that takes x and returns a Supplier of x:

Function<X, Supplier<X>> rawForm = x -> () -> x;

That in itself is not very useful or mysterious, but if you take into account that the Supplier<X> is just one possible type you can return, because in Java, as long as the signature fits, the thing sits, it gets funnier.

A possible use case

Let’s define a type that is an interface with just one method:

public interface DomainValue {
    BigDecimal value();
}

In Java, the @FunctionalInterface annotation is not required to let the interface be, in fact, a functional interface. It only needs to have one method without implementation. How can we provide methods with implementation in Java interfaces. Default methods are the way:

@FunctionalInterface
public interface DomainValue {
    BigDecimal value();

    default String denotation() {
        return getClass().getSimpleName();
    }
}

Let’s say that we want to load domain values from a key-value-store with the following access method:

Optional<Double> loadEntry(String key)

If there is no entry with the given key or the syntax is not suitable to be interpreted as a double, the method returns Optional.emtpy(). Else it returns the double value wrapped in an Optional shell. We can convert it to our domain value like this:

Optional<DomainValue> myValue = 
    loadEntry("current")
        .map(BigDecimal::new)
        .map(x -> () -> x);

And there it is, the spiderman operator. We convert from Double to BigDecimal and then to DomainValue by saying that we want to convert our BigDecimal to “something that can supply a BigDecimal”, which is exactly what our DomainValue can do.

A bigger use case

Right now, the DomainValue type is nothing more than a mantle around a numerical value. But we can expand our domain to have more specific types:

public interface Voltage extends DomainValue {
}

public interface Power extends DomainValue {
    @Override
    default String denotation() {
        return "Electric power";
    }
}

Boring!

public interface Current extends DomainValue {
    default Power with(Voltage voltage) {
	return () -> value().multiply(voltage.value());
    }
}

Ok, this is maybe no longer boring. We can implement a lot of domain functionality just in interfaces and then instantiate ad-hoc types:

Voltage europeanVoltage = () -> BigDecimal.valueOf(220);
Current powerSupply = () -> BigDecimal.valueOf(2);
Power usage = powerSupply.with(europeanVoltage);

Or we load the values from our key-value-store:

Optional<Voltage> maybeVoltage = 
    loadEntry("voltage")
        .map(BigDecimal::new)
        .map(x -> () -> x);

Optional<Current> maybeCurrent = 
    loadEntry("current")
        .map(BigDecimal::new)
        .map(x -> () -> x);

You probably see it already: We have some duplicated code! The strange thing is, it won’t go away so easily.

The first call for help

But first I want to sanitize the code syntactically. The duplication is bad, but the spiderman operator is just unreadable.

If you have an idea how the syntax of the second map() call can be improved, please comment below! Just one request: Make sure your idea compiles beforehands.

Failing to eliminate the duplication

There is nothing easier than eliminating the duplication above: The code is syntactically identical and only the string parameter is different – well, and the return type. We will see how this affects us.

What we cannot do:

<DV extends DomainValue> Optional<DV> loadFor(String entry) {
    Optional<BigDecimal> maybeValue = load(entry);
    return maybeValue.map(x -> () -> x);
}

Suddenly, the spiderman operator does not compile with the error message:

The target type of this expression must be a functional interface

I can see the problem: Subtypes of DomainValue are not required to stay compatible to the functional interface requirement (just one method without implementation).

Interestingly, if we work with a wildcard for the generic, it compiles:

Optional<? extends DomainValue> loadFor(String entry) {
    Optional<BigDecimal> maybeValue = load(entry);
    return maybeValue.map(x -> () -> x);
}

The problem is that we still need to downcast to our specific subtype afterwards. But we can use this insight and move the downcast into the method:

<DV extends DomainValue> Optional<DV> loadFor(
	String entry,
	Class<DV> type
) {
	Optional<BigDecimal> maybeValue = load(entry);
	return maybeValue.map(x -> type.cast(x));
}

Which makes our code readable enough, but at the price of using reflection:

Optional<Voltage> european = loadFor("voltage", Voltage.class);
Optional<Current> powerSupply = loadFor("current", Current.class);

I’m not a fan of this solution, because downcasts are dangerous and reflection is dangerous, too. Mixing two dangerous things doesn’t neutralize the danger most of the time. This code will fail during runtime sooner or later, without any compiler warning us about it. If you don’t believe me, add a second method without implementation to the Current interface and see if the compiler warns you. Hint: This is what you will see at runtime:

java.lang.ClassCastException: Cannot cast java.math.BigDecimal to Current

But, to our surprise, it doesn’t even need a second method. The code above doesn’t work. Even if we reintroduce our spiderman operator (with an additional assignment to help the type inference), the cast won’t work:

<DV extends DomainValue> Optional<DV> loadFor(
    String entry,
    Class<DV> type
) {
    Optional<BigDecimal> maybeValue = load(entry);
    Optional<DomainValue> maybeDomainValue = maybeValue.map(x -> () -> x);
    return maybeDomainValue.map(x -> type.cast(x));
}

The ClassCastException just got a lot more mysterious:

java.lang.ClassCastException: Cannot cast Loader$$Lambda$8/0x00000008000028c0 to Current

My problem is that I am stuck. There is working code that uses the spiderman operator and produces code duplication, but there is no way around the duplication that I can think of. I can get objects for the supertype (DomainValue), but not for a specific subtype of it. If I want that, I have to accept duplication. Or am I missing something?

The second call for help

If you can think about a way to eliminate the duplication, please tell me (or us) in the comments. This problem doesn’t need to be solved for my peace of mind or the sanity of my code – the duplication is confined to a particular place.

Being used to roam nearly without boundaries in the Java syntax (25 years of thinking in Java will do that to you), this particular limitation hit hard. If you can give me some ideas, I would be grateful.